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分句，合句法 分句法，又叫拆译法。合句法又叫溶合法，是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。所谓分句法就是把原文句子中的个别词，短语或从句分离出来后单独译出、自成一句；合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。一、分句法：分句法的采用，是因为英语中的一些词的词义搭配能力很强，或者在句中的位置灵活多变：再者，英文的词和句各部分要用连词连接，如果照英文结构翻译，一来易使词义不清，二来使译文句子显得滞重，带有明显的“翻译腔”，因此宜把它切断，译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如：“ But this naval competition strained the liberal Government's principles as well as their budgets”，“但是这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说、也使其预算捉襟见肘。”（这儿 strain 词义搭配馅力很强，汉译时，拆译为“无法自四其说和捉襟见肘”。） 2. “ Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof ”，“ 司法部门如果对此不闻不问，那就是没有尽到责任。”（拆译的目的是补足语义。）“ A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insisted that women have outgrown the jumping-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era, and a colonel who says they haven't. ”“一位年轻的女子和一位上校展开了一场热烈讨论。女士坚持己见，即妇女已有进步，看见老鼠就吓得跳上椅子的时代已经过去了，上校则认为没有。”（汉译时，将英文从句译成独立单句，另外根据汉语习惯，调整了语。序。）二、合句法：实际上，合句法与省译法有许多相似之处。原语中部分语言形式和词类（如英文冠词）在译语中是空缺的，还有一部分在译语中有时是多余的（如英文某些代词）。这两种情况往往无需再现。例如： 1. “ The mo1ecules give up some of their energy of motion to push the piston that does the work. ”“ 这些分子释放出一部分动能推动活塞做功 。” 2.“She was quite a child, perhaps seven or eight years old slightly built ， with a pale ， small-featured face ， and a redundancy of hair falling in curls to her waist ．”（ Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre, CH. XI ） “ 她完全是个小孩，七八岁光景、身材纤细、脸色苍白、五官小巧，过长的头发卷成发卷垂到腰际。”汉译英时，由于中英句法不同，中文有时用几个句子描写事物或事件发生情况，英文只需用一个句子表达。反之，中文用一个句子时，英文却可拆译成几个分句。例如： 1. “ 他身材高大，青白脸色，皱纹间常夹些伤痕，一部乱蓬蓬的花白胡子。 ”（《孔乙已》）“ He was a big man with pale face and scars that often showed among the wrinkles and a large ， unkempt beard streaked with white 。” 2． “况且这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿 . ” （《红楼梦》）“ Her whole air is so distinguished ; she doesn't take after her father，son-in-1aw of our Old Ancestress, but looks more like Chia. ”
（王馥芳）
一个长句子的翻译
The specification of Patent No. 1,012,052 describes and claims a body of polycrystalline dielectric ceramic material having a lead zirconate--lead titanate--lead stannate composition falling within the area A B C E F of the triaxial diagram 1d of the drawings accompanying this specification and containing at least one substitutional additive ingredient selected from the group consisting of elements having respective ionic radii sufficiently close to the ionic radius of one of the elements lead, tin, titanium, zirconium and oxygen to permit of substitution, and a valence state differing from that of said one element by less than three units, the aggregate quantity of additive ingredient amounting to from 0.1 to 5 percent of the replaced ion on an atom basis, each additive ingredient present in said material being in ionic form and substituting for a finite percentage of the ions of a particular one of the elements lead, tin, titanium, zirconium and oxygen with respect to which it conforms with regard to ionic radius and valence state, said additive ingredient replacing a quantity of said elements having in the aggregate an equal number of valence units.
参考译文：
第1012052号专利说明书介绍一种含有锆酸铅、钛酸铅、锡酸铅的多晶陶瓷介质材料，其组成在说明书附图 ld三元相图中处于A B C E F区域内，该组成至少还含有一种置换添加物，这种添加物从一组离子半径分别接近于铅、锡、钛、锆、氧的元素中选出，以利于互相置换，而与上述一种元素化合价之差应小于三价。该添加物的总量为被置换离子的0.1%~5%克原子。上述材料中的每种添加物是以离子形式存在的，它以一定的百分数置换铅、锡、钛、锆、氧中的某一元素的离子。添加物在离子半径和价数上必须类似于上述任一元素，并且置换添加物的量与被置换的元素在总体上具有相等的化合价数。
本句由两个简单句构成，一个主句，另一个是定语从句。定语从句由 with respect to开始至全句结束。句中有介词33个，现在分词12个， 过去分词6个，动词不定式1个， 形容词短语2个， 连接词and 7个。
主句中的 describes and claims用减词法译为一个词“介绍”即可概括其意义。a body of polycrystalline dielectric ceramic material可通过减词和变换法译为“多晶陶瓷介质材料”。英语长句一般拆译为汉语断句，如下面的两个分词短语falling within the area...和containing at least one substitutional...原来都是作定语修饰composition的，经过拆句处理可将其译成汉语的谓语，与composition构成主谓结构的句子，而分别译成“其组成在说明书上附图ld三元相图中处于A B C E F区域”和“该组成至少还含有一种置换添加物”。
http://education
.163.com/editor四、句子的分译与合译
在英汉互译时，有时我们可以保留原文的句子结构，但有时也可以对原句的结构作较大调整，将其分开或合并。所谓分译，就是将原文一个句子，分译成两个或两个以上的句子，所谓合译就是将原文两个或两个以上的句子，合译成一个句子。
一、分译
1．把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child ．
母亲在谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感， 这是可以理解的。（形容词）
The night was chilly—it was early November． A light drizzle added to my discomfort ．
夜里冷风飕飕，那是 十一月初，天下起了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受。（名词）
They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 （分词）
2．把原文中一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen．
她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。（分词短语）
I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before ．
我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。 （名词短语）
The rain having ruined my hat , I had to buy a new one.
雨水把我的帽子淋坏了，我得买个新的。（独立结构）
His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery ．
因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。 （名词短语）
She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success．
她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。 （不定式短语）
介词短语作定语时，往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语作状语时，有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此汉译时，有的可以拆句分译。
The porous wall acts as a kind of seine for separating molecules．
多孔壁的作用就像一把筛子，它把不同质量的分子分开。（ 译成并列分句）
With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best．
这个设计尽管有种种缺点，仍被认为最佳设计之一。（译成让步分句）
Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind of warmth．
人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。（译成条件分句）
We cannot see it clearly for the fog．
由于有雾，我们看不清它。（译成原因分句）
The machine is working none the worse for its long service.
这部机器并不因使用的时间长而性能变差了。（原因）
This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications:
mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound.
为了便于研究起见，通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。 （译成目的分句）
I can hardly work with that noise going on.
那个声音响个不停，我几乎没法工作。 （译成并列分句）
Their power increased with their number.
他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。（并列分句）
Despite their differences , their love will conquer.
尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们的恋爱一定会成功。（让步分句）
I found the house suddenly, and stood there with my heart beating fast and tears coming to my eyes.
我突然找到那所房子。 我站在那里，心剧烈地跳着，泪水也涌上眼睛。 （并列分句）
Then a cloud came over the moon, like a dark hand before a face.
忽然一片浮云飘过明月，就像一只黑手拂过面庞。
3．把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。
It is much more convenient and, incidentally, cheaper to shave oneself at home.
在家自己刮胡子要方便得多。顺便说一下，也便宜得多。
Striking through the thought of his dear ones was a sound he could neither ignore nor understand….
有一个声音响了起来，刺穿了他对亲人的思念。这声音，他既不能充耳不闻，又不能领会···
It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO.
人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。（主语从句和主句分译为两个单句。）
Because the young man frequently came to the lady's house, he was regarded as the mistress's lover.
这个小伙子经常来到夫人的家。因此，别人都以为他是这女主人的情人。（状语从句和主句分译为两个单句。）
这首歌不曾持续多久，就和笛声共同消失在黑暗里了。
The singing did not last very long. Soon, together with the sound of the flute, it faded away in the darkness. ( 汉语原文一句分译为两句。)
二、 合译
1．把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。
He was very clean．His mind was open．
他为人单纯而坦率。
There are men here from all over the country．Many of them are from the South．
这里有从全国各地来的人，其中有许多是南方人。
I know a doctor. He is expert in curing stroke.
我认识一个医生，专治中风。
It is New Year's Day. Go and see your father.
过年了，去看看你爸爸吧。
Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front.
夜幕降落时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。（原文三句，合译成一句）
She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.
她回家去照料病重的丈夫。（原文两句，合译为一句。）
最后两个字是特别用力的。大家都不懂“这个”是什么。
He laid special stress on the word “this,” but nobody appeared to understand what he means. (原文两句，合译成一句.)
他在去年夏天把十九岁的女儿小福子卖给了一个军人。卖了二百块银元。
The summer before, he had sold his nineteen-year-old daughter Joy to an army officer for two hundred silver dollars.（把原文第二句，译为介词短语。）
2．把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。When I negotiate，I get nervous．When I get nervous，I eat．
我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。
When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people，we are not merely being polite．
我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。
As he stood there, he saw two men enter the bank.
他站在那里，看见两个人进了银行。
I am blest if I know.
我一点儿也不知道。
3．把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。It was in mid-August， and the repair section operated under the blazing sun．
八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。
The time was 10：30， and traffic on the street was light．
十点三十分的时候街上来往的车辆稀少了。
Stir and you are a dead man.
你动一下就别想活命。
太阳当顶了。田野，树丛，屋舍，都显现在光明静穆的大平面上。
With the sun right overhead now, the fields, the clumps of trees and the huts were all picked out clearly on a vast, flat surface, brilliantly lit and still. ( 原文第一句，译成介词短语。 )
他们到了杨集。这是老洪带着队伍从枣庄过来和申茂队员们会合的庄子。
They arrived at Yangji, the village where Liu Hong and his men had first met Shen Mao's group when they came from Zaozhuang. ( 原文第二句译为同位语。 )
总之，分译还是合译，都要在 分析句子的语法结构，搞清楚各层意思之间的逻辑关系后， 根据目的语的表达习惯，灵活掌握，以避免出现生硬的译文。